Recipes

Symbolize input keys

require 'dry-struct'

module Types
  include Dry.Types()
end

class User < Dry::Struct
  transform_keys(&:to_sym)

  attribute :name, Types::String
end

User.new('name' => 'Jane')
# => #<User name="Jane">

Tolerance to extra keys

Structs ignore extra keys by default. This can be changed by replacing the constructor.

class User < Dry::Struct
  # This does the trick
  schema schema.strict

  attribute :name, Types::String
end

User.new(name: 'Jane', age: 21)
# => Dry::Struct::Error ([User.new] unexpected keys [:age] in Hash input)

Tolerance to missing keys

You can mark certain keys as optional by calling attribute?.

class User < Dry::Struct
  attribute :name, Types::String
  attribute? :age, Types::Integer
end

user = User.new(name: 'Jane')
# => #<User name="Jane" age=nil>
user.age
# => nil

In the example above nil violates the type constraint so be careful with attribute?.

Default values

Instead of violating constraints you can assign default values to attributes:

class User < Dry::Struct
  attribute :name, Types::String
  attribute :age,  Types::Integer.default(18)
end

User.new(name: 'Jane')
# => #<User name="Jane" age=18>

Resolving default values on nil

nil as a value isn't replaced with a default value for default types. You may use transform_types to turn all types into constructors which map nil to Dry::Types::Undefined which in order triggers default values.

class User < Dry::Struct
  transform_types do |type|
    if type.default?
      type.constructor do |value|
        value.nil? ? Dry::Types::Undefined : value
      end
    else
      type
    end
  end

  attribute :name, Types::String
  attribute :age,  Types::Integer.default(18)
end

User.new(name: 'Jane')
# => #<User name="Jane" age=18>
User.new(name: 'Jane', age: nil)
# => #<User name="Jane" age=18>

Creating a custom struct class

You can combine examples from this page to create a custom-purposed base struct class and the reuse it your application or gem

class MyStruct < Dry::Struct
  # throw an error when unknown keys provided
  schema schema.strict

  # convert string keys to symbols
  transform_keys(&:to_sym)

  # resolve default types on nil
  transform_types do |type|
    if type.default?
      type.constructor do |value|
        value.nil? ? Dry::Types::Undefined : value
      end
    else
      type
    end
  end
end

Set default value for a nested hash

class Foo < Dry::Struct
  attribute :bar do
    attribute :nested, Types::Integer
  end
end

class Foo < Dry::Struct
  class Bar < Dry::Struct
    attribute :nested, Types::Integer
  end

  attribute :bar, Bar.default { Bar.new(nested: 1) }
end

Composing structs

You can compose other struct attributes as if they
had been defined in place.

class Address < Dry::Struct
  attribute :city, Types::String
  attribute :country, Types::String
end

class User < Dry::Struct
  attribute :name, Types::String
  attributes_from Address
end

User.new(name: 'Quispe', city: 'La Paz', country: 'Bolivia')

Composition can happen within a nested attribute:

class User < Dry::Struct
  attribute :name, Types::String
  attribute :address do
    attributes_from Address
  end
end